Differential Expression of Two Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidases and Two Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Response to Abiotic Stress in Rice

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) play central roles in the pathway for scavenging reactive oxygen species in plants, thereby contributing to the tolerance against abiotic stress. Here we report the responses of cytosolic SOD (cSOD; sodCc1 and sodCc2) and cytosolic APX (cAPX; OsAPX1 and OsAPX2) genes to oxidative and abiotic stress in rice. RNA blot analyses revealed that methyl viologen treatment caused a more prominent induction of cAPXs compared with cSODs, and hydrogen peroxide t...     

青花菜抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因BoAPX2的克隆与表达分析

 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（Ascorbate peroxidase,APX）是H₂O₂清除剂,在植物抗逆反应中起着重要作用。根据NCBI发布的过氧化物体抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（Peroxisomal APX, pAPX）基因序列设计简并引物,分别以青花菜（Brassica oleracea var. italica）叶片DNA和cDNA为材料进行PCR扩增,克隆到一个APX基因,命名为BoAPX2,序列提交GenBank,登录号为JN172929。BoAPX2的基因组序列长为2 013 bp,具有8个内含子,编码区全长864 bp,编码287个氨基酸。序列分析结果表明,BoAPX2与已知的过氧化物体APX有较高的相似性,氨基酸的C端具1个跨膜结构域。RT-PCR结果表明,BoAPX2的表达受霜霉病菌（Hyaloperonospora parasitica）、H₂O₂、水杨酸和NaCl诱导。     

BTH-mediated antioxidant system responses in apple leaf tissues

BTH (S-methylbenzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carbothiate), an active compound of the commercial preparation Bion, has been studied as an elicitor of resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in apple. However, the biochemical mechanisms of its action are not fully elucidated. Our study indicated that BTH at the best time of its protection activity (2–14 days after application) induced changes in prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the leaves of apple trees, but in different ways in the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Glutathione as low molecular antioxidant as well as superoxide anion radical and lipid peroxides as oxidants exhibited changes at the early phase of BTH action. Glutathione-dependent enzymes were strongly affected by the elicitor used. On the 2nd day glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased by about 70% and 30% above the control, respectively. GST activity normalized about the 14th day but GSH-Px at the same time showed 27% of the control value. Among enzymes utilising hydrogen peroxide only catalase showed increase (37%) at the early phase of experiment. Compared with the control, BTH-treated plants did not show changes in ascorbate peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities. Tocopherol (TOC) level diminished starting from the 7th day after BTH treatment and on the 14th day it was only 28% of the control. It is proposed that extinguishing of BTH-mediated signal resulted from TOC and glutathione action. The diminished ascorbate level at all examined times may play a crucial role in BTH-mediated cell growth regulation. The direct influence of BTH on lipid metabolism should be also taken into consideration.     

茶树鲜叶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性的变化规律及测定方法

探讨茶树鲜叶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的测定条件,分析不同茶树品种以及茶树鲜叶不同叶位APX活性的变化.结果表明:聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮(PVPP)加入量约为鲜叶重的1.5倍,酶提取液pH为7.8.反应液pH为7.O,抗坏血酸(AsA)浓度为0.50 mmol/L时茶树鲜叶APX活性最高;茶树鲜叶APX活性随冷藏时间的延长呈下降趋势;福建7个主要茶树品种以福鼎大白茶的APX活性最高,铁观音的APX活性最低;茶树鲜叶不同叶位APX活性变化趋势为:芽>第一叶>第二叶>第三叶>老叶>嫩茎.     

Effects of dietary ascorbic acid levels on cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An 80‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation at different levels (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg l ‐ascorbate‐2‐polyphosphate; 7.6, 77.2 and 146.7 mg/kg AA, respectively) on cholesterol metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dietary AA supplementation regardless of inclusion level increased the serum total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. No significant differences were observed in the serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels, faecal cholesterol content, hepatic activity and mRNA expression of acyl‐coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase among the dietary treatments. Dietary AA inclusion increased the faecal bile acid content, hepatic activity and mRNA expression of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA expression, but decreased the hepatic LDL receptor content. High level of AA supplementation (0.4 g/kg) depressed the serum cortisol levels. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 0.2?0.4 g/kg l ‐ascorbate‐2‐polyphosphate may increase the serum total cholesterol level in rainbow trout. The cholesterol‐raising effect of AA may be due to the increased hepatic cholesterol production and the depressed cholesterol clearance from serum. In addition, dietary AA inclusion also facilitates the hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.     

抗虫棉品系L22依赖抗坏血酸H2O2清除酶系统活性的降低

以早衰型转 Bt基因抗虫棉 L2 2为主要试材 ,研究了其体内活性氧代谢和一些抗氧化酶活性与对照常规棉 JM1 1、抗虫棉 33B的差异。结果表明 ,抗虫棉 L 2 2在生长中期时叶片中 H2 O2 含量和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 ( MDA)显著增高 ,在依赖抗坏血酸 ( As A)的 H2 O2 清除酶系统中 ,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 ( As A- POD)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶 ( DR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶 ( GR)等酶活性极显著低于常规棉 JM1 1和 33B,叶片中 As A含量也以 L2 2为最低 ,而 DAs A/As A是最高的 ,分别是JM1 1和 33B的 3.75倍和 4.31倍。初步认为 L2 2出现早衰现象与其体内活性氧代谢失调和依赖As A的 H2 O2 清除酶系统活性显著降低有关 ,并分析了可能的原因     

二氯苯醚菊酯对黄瓜叶片几种氧化酶活性的影响

研究结果表明，二氯苯醚菊酯（PER）对黄瓜几种氯化酶活性有不同程度的影响，其影响的程度与PER的浓度有关。20－40mg.L^-1的PER分别使黄瓜体内的过氧化氢酶和乙醇酸氧化酶活性升高3．35％－32．71％和4．42％－34．51％，20－20mg.L^-1的PER使过氧化物酶活性升高9．70％－29．10％；50－250mg.L^-1的PER使吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性升高13．58％－32．10％；50－300mg.L^-1的PER使抗坏血酸氧化酶活性下降，3．18％－20．69％，用200mg.L^-1的PER处理黄瓜幼苗1－6d后，体内过氧化物酶活升高10．375－43．17％。     

Cotton Leaf Senescence can be Delayed by Nitrophenolate Spray Through Enhanced Antioxidant Defence System

Leaf senescence is an oxidative process, and most of the catabolic processes involved in senescence are propagated irreversibly once initiated. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that nitrophenolates (Atonik, a plant growth regulator) spray can delay the leaf senescence through reduced oxidative damage. Atonik 3.75 g a.i. ha^?1 was sprayed during boll filling stage on cotton, and the senescence process was evaluated by quantifying total chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm ratio, various reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, antioxidant content and antioxidant enzyme activity from 90 days after sowing (DAS) to 130 DAS. The result indicated that nitrophenolate spray reduced the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion (O₂^?) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), lipoxygenase activity and membrane permeability over unsprayed control. The antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, SOD; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; peroxidase, POX; glutathione peroxidase, GSH‐Px) were significantly increased by the nitrophenolate spray. POX (118.1 %) and GSH‐Px (143.3 %) activities were enhanced to a higher level compared to APX (8.5 %) activity at 130 DAS. Enhanced accumulation of ascorbate (144.9 %), phenol (154.7 %) and proline (50 %) was seen in nitrophenolate‐sprayed plants compared with unsprayed control plants at 130 DAS. Ascorbate content is increased by higher dehydroascorbate reductase enzyme activity. Ascorbate was thus able to replenish reducing equivalents to phenoxyl radicals resulting in an increase in phenolic compounds. The increased phenolic acid content may be involved in scavenging the ROS produced during senescence process. The higher level of reduced ascorbate and low level of endogenous H₂O₂ in the leaves may be the prerequisite for delayed leaf senescence in the nitrophenolate‐sprayed plants. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that nitrophenolate‐sprayed plants can postpone the leaf senescence by peroxide/phenolic/ascorbate system which is involved in scavenging the ROS produced during leaf senescence.     

Overexpression of a Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase Gene,OsAPX2, Increases Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Alfalfa

Alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） is an important forage crop in the world and it is of great signiifcance for the improvement of its salt tolerance. To improve salt tolerance in alfalfa, a rice ascorbate peroxidase gene （OsAPX2） was introduced into alfalfa using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with marker gene bar. The different T-DNA insertions in T1 transgenic alfalfa were identiifed by Southern hybridization. Three independent T2 transgenic lines were selected for stress analysis and the results showed that all of them were salt tolerant compared with wild-type plants. The transgenic plants had low levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity under salt and drought stresses. Moreover, the contents of chlorophyll and proline, and APX activity were high in transgenic plants under salt and drought stresses. Taken together, the overexpression of OsAPX2 enhances salt tolerance in alfalfa through scavenging reactive oxygen species.